Curriculum Frameworks and Visualisations Beyond National Frameworks
This evolving paper follows a first paper released in 2021 on “National or regional curriculum frameworks and visualisations”. It presented a compilation of visualisations of curriculum frameworks, main competences and strategic schemes provided by...
OECD > Education Working PapersItem characteristics and test-taker disengagement in PISA
If test-takers do not engage with the assessment, the reliability of test scores and the validity of inferences about their proficiency may suffer. Test-taker disengagement is particularly likely in low-stakes assessments and, according to prior...
OECD > Education Working PapersBeyond literacy
This paper reviews a number of previous studies that have investigated how measure of non-cognitive skills predict important life outcomes such as educational attainment, employment, earnings, and self-reported health and life satisfaction. All...
OECD > Education Working PapersTowards more diverse and flexible international large-scale assessments
This paper explores enhancements to international large-scale assessments (ILSAs). It advocates for diversification, targeting specific groups or individuals for more precise diagnoses, and flexibilisation, refining the item bank for assessments'...
OECD > Education Working PapersGoing global: 39 language versions of the BFI-2-XS
In the 2023 Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC), the Big Five personality traits were assessed using the BFI-2-XS, the 15-item extra-short form of the Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2). For this purpose, the instrument was translated into 24 languages and...
OECD > Education Working PapersMapping study for the integration of accommodations for students with Special Education Needs (SEN) in PISA
Due to various technical and methodological challenges, PISA has to date offered only limited accommodations for students with special education needs (SEN). As a result, some students are currently excluded from the PISA target population at the...
OECD > Education Working PapersRethinking education in the context of climate change
State-of-the-art scientific evidence shows that our planet is approaching several environmental and climate tipping points faster than previously expected. This means that the international community is facing a rapidly closing window of opportunity...
OECD > Education Working PapersFostering higher-order thinking skills online in higher education
This scoping review examines the effectiveness of online and blended learning in fostering higher-order thinking skills in higher education, focussing on creativity and critical thinking. The paper finds that whilst there is a growing body of...
OECD > Education Working PapersLevelling the playing field in ECEC
The provision of high-quality early childhood education and care (ECEC) is widely seen as a strategy to promote a more equitable and inclusive society due to its potential to give all children, and especially those from disadvantaged backgrounds, a...
OECD > Education Working PapersSocial and emotional skills (SES)
Education systems around the world are increasingly recognising that social and emotional skills (SES) are essential for students and societies. This paper contributes to the Innovative approaches to measuring social and emotional skills project,...
OECD > Education Working PapersIntersectionality in education
Intersectionality highlights that different aspects of individuals’ identities are not independent of each other. Instead, they interact to create unique identities and experiences, which cannot be understood by analysing each identity dimension...
OECD > Education Working PapersHow are OECD governments navigating the digital higher education landscape?
Module A of the OECD Higher Education Policy Survey (HEPS) 2022 elicited information on policies to promote digitalisation of higher education in OECD member and accession countries. In total, 30 jurisdictions responded, providing comparative...
OECD > Education Working PapersChild participation in decision making
Child empowerment is on the policy agenda of education systems around the world, in particular since the increasing emphasis in policy and research discourse on supporting children’s participation rights. A large body of literature suggests that...
OECD > Education Working PapersIndicators of inclusion in education
Calls for increased monitoring and evaluation of education policies and practices have not, so far, included widespread and consistent assessments of the inclusiveness of education settings. Measuring inclusion in education has proven to be a...
OECD > Education Working PapersDigital equity and inclusion in education
Digital technologies can be used to support the inclusion of diverse student groups in education in a number of ways including enhancing accessibility of educational content, increasing personalisation and providing distance learning opportunities,...
OECD > Education Working PapersDoes English instruction teach more reading than listening skills?
This study investigates whether English formal instruction and a number of teaching practices are more strongly associated with reading or listening English skills, using data from a large-scale assessment of English skills among 14- and 15-year-olds...
OECD > Education Working PapersAgency in the Anthropocene
An important construct to be measured in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2025 is the degree to which 15-year-olds are knowledgeable of, concerned about, and able to act on environmental issues as a result of their science...
OECD > Education Working PapersWhat systematic connections should we have around schools to support the work of teachers?
Co-constructing a long-term sustainable vision on the future of teaching is a policy priority for many countries as society rapidly changes. There is a need to create space in the teacher debate to look forward for inspiration and to learn from...
OECD > Education Working PapersProfessional development for digital competencies in early childhood education and care
Digitalisation places new demands on the early childhood education and care (ECEC) workforce to navigate the care and well-being of children in the digital age. This literature review examines frameworks for digital competencies (DC) in education,...
OECD > Education Working PapersDigital technologies to support young children with special needs in early childhood education and care
This review examines the current literature on the use of digital technologies to support young children with special needs in early childhood education and care (ECEC). It identifies four key areas of focus, which relate to understanding and...
OECD > Education Working PapersThe assessment of students’ creative and critical thinking skills in higher education across OECD countries
Developed as one of the resources within the context of the OECD Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI) project entitled “Fostering and assessing creativity and critical thinking skills in higher education”, this paper reviews existing...
OECD > Education Working PapersCatching up on lost learning opportunities
Climate change and natural disasters, the COVID-19 pandemic, and geopolitical shocks have increasingly disrupted school education around the world in recent years. Whether leading to school closures, school destructions or repeated interruptions in...
OECD > Education Working PapersA Bayesian workflow for the analysis and reporting of international large-scale surveys
This report aims to showcase the value of implementing a Bayesian framework to analyse and report results from international large-scale surveys and provide guidance to users who want to analyse the data using this approach. The motivation for this...
OECD > Education Working PapersTranslation and adaptation processes in TALIS 2018
The international instruments of the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) require national adaptations and translation before data collection processes begin. This paper provides an assessment of the processes used in TALIS 2018, based...
OECD > Education Working PapersManaging student transitions into upper secondary pathways
Many factors influence students’ experiences in upper secondary education and beyond, including upper secondary curricula, programme design and support for students. But a good transition from earlier levels of education is the first, essential step...
OECD > Education Working PapersThe design of upper secondary education across OECD countries
How is upper secondary education organised across OECD countries? This level of education, which most frequently serves students aged between 15 to 18, is generally the first time when learners have significant capacity to shape the content of their...
OECD > Education Working PapersAI scoring for international large-scale assessments using a deep learning model and multilingual data
Artificial Intelligence (AI) scoring for constructed-response items, using recent advancements in multilingual, deep learning techniques utilising models pre-trained with a massive multilingual text corpus, is examined using international large-scale...
OECD > Education Working PapersThe uses of process data in large-scale educational assessments
The digital transition in educational testing has introduced many new opportunities for technology to enhance large-scale assessments. These include the potential to collect and use log data on test-taker response processes routinely, and on a large...
OECD > Education Working PapersMore than just a go-between
Despite the widespread effort to increase and improve the use of evidence in policy making and practice, practical efforts to enhance research-policy-practice engagement in the education sector often fall short of their ambition. Little is known...
OECD > Education Working Papers